Socially, the bourgeoisie grew in importance and, spiritually, the substantial growth of German philosophy and literature and the initial and most original aspects of romanticism were a major influence. Politically, therefore, the period in which Beethoven was writing saw the French revolution, Napoleonic expansion and the Restoration. Music and its conception also reflect changing ways of thinking and living. While this is true of any artist, it is of crucial importance in Beethoven’s case because he straddled the end of one period of history and the beginning of another. If we are to understand Beethoven’s art, we need to know something about the moment of history in which he was writing. The European anthem is the prelude to the Ode to Joy, the fourth movement of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony.

> Geopolitical upheavals in Europe after 1989.> Decolonisation: geopolitical issues and impact on the European integration process.> From the Messina Conference to the Rome Treaties (EEC and EAEC).> From the origins of the Schuman Plan to the ECSC Treaty.> The organisation of post-war defence in Europe (1948–1954).> The first organisations and cooperative ventures in post-war Europe.> The post-war European idea and the first European movements (1945–1949).> Historical events in the European integration process (1945–2014).> Multilevel dynamics: The European integration process and the evolution of contemporary European frontiers.> Pierre Werner and the European integration process: from the Schuman Plan to the Fontainebleau Summit.> The ‘Franco-German duo’ and Europe as seen in cartoons (1945–2013).> L'Union économique et monétaire: origine, fonctionnement et futur.> España y el proceso de construcción europea.

Anthem absolute world 2014